{"id":4716,"date":"2021-01-12T16:06:34","date_gmt":"2021-01-12T21:06:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/?p=4716"},"modified":"2021-01-12T16:06:34","modified_gmt":"2021-01-12T21:06:34","slug":"soliciting-or-encouraging-sedition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/soliciting-or-encouraging-sedition\/","title":{"rendered":"Soliciting or Encouraging Sedition"},"content":{"rendered":"

What is Donald Trump\u2019s culpability for the January 6th assault on the Capitol?\u00a0 Morally, it is clear \u2013 Trump is a sentient being, aware of risks and consequences, who acted with disregard for the lives and well-being of others. Causally, the case is strong \u2013 in the terms of proximate cause and foreseeability, he spent months agitating and stirring discontent, he knew the volatility of his audience, and the actions of his followers were \u201cnot so extraordinary that it would be unfair to hold the defendant responsible for the actual result.\u201d 1 W. LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law \u00a7 6.4, at 464 (2d ed. 2003). And in the eyes of history, culpability is beyond question \u2013 the \u201cbuck stops here\u201d principle is the metric.<\/p>\n

But is he criminally responsible? Are there acts worth investigating, are there provable criminal acts attributable to the President?<\/p>\n

The President\u2019s speech at the pre-insurrection rally may not, on its face, be sufficient to prove solicitation to commit a crime \u2013 here, riot, assault, theft, or damage to property. The language that closed the speech, the cry to \u201cgive our Republicans, the weak ones, because the strong ones don\u2019t need any of our help, we\u2019re going to try and give them the kind of pride and boldness that they need to take back our country[]\u201d – set the force in motion. So, too, did the cry, \u201cWe fight. We fight like hell.\u00a0 If you don\u2019t fight like hell, you\u2019re not going to have a country anymore.\u201d<\/p>\n

Yet, like too many wise criminals, he used the \u2018wink and a nod\u2019 method of speech, with ambiguity and cover words that may make a finding of criminal intent difficult. Trump bracketed his calls to march on the capital with one call for \u201cpeace:\u201d<\/p>\n

Everyone here will soon be marching over to the Capitol building to peacefully and patriotically make your voices heard.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

But this does not end the inquiry as to whether Trump solicited others to act criminally \u2013 it just requires a deeper investigation. Solicitation to commit violent acts may be found where there \u201cstrongly corroborative circumstances,\u201d 18 U.S.C. 373, and intent may be proved circumstantially. Was the President briefed by anyone \u2013 intelligence officials, law enforcement, his own political operatives – on the plans of his followers? What social media posts did the President read and retweet? Is there any proof that the language used was \u2018code\u2019 and\u00a0 understood as such by Trump? Was there a history of other \u2018urgings\u2019 by the President that he knew had prompted his followers to violent acts?<\/p>\n

There is a second criminal offense that needs less investigation. It is the conduct of Trump after the insurrection began. The specific crime is that of using interstate communications \u2013 here, by tweeting \u2013 to \u201cpromote [or] encourage\u201d a riot.<\/p>\n

What is a riot?\u00a0 Federal law has a simple definition:<\/p>\n

An act or acts of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons, which act or acts shall constitute a clear and present danger of, or shall result in, damage or injury to the property of any other person or to the person of any other individual.
\n18 USCS \u00a7 2101.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

What was the encouragement? Trump\u2019s first tweet tacitly approved the continued presence in the Capitol. \u201cI am asking for everyone at the U.S. Capitol to remain peaceful,\u201d Mr. Trump wrote. \u201cNo violence! Remember, WE are the Party of Law & Order \u2014 respect the Law and our great men and women in Blue. Thank you!\u201d At a minimum, that encouraged the continued presence of the rioters. And the second tweet of the afternoon expressly condoned the behavior, even if arguably urging people to eventually cease and desist:<\/p>\n

“These are the things and events that happen when a sacred landslide election victory is so unceremoniously & viciously stripped away from great patriots who have been badly & unfairly treated for so long,\u201d he wrote. \u201cGo home with love & in peace. Remember this day forever!\u201d<\/p>\n

One more principle of criminal liability cries out for examination: the failure to act when there is a duty to do so. Federal law is imprecise about when a failure to act may be a basis for criminal liability \u2013 to some courts, it is only if the statute by its terms includes liability based on an omission; but in others there is a broader acceptance that \u201ca legal duty to act may also be imposed by contract or tort law, and also because of a relationship between the defendant and another person that makes the defendant responsible for the safety and well-being of another person\u2026\u201d\u00a0 [Third Circuit Criminal Jury Instructions, 5.10, Comment.]<\/p>\n

What is the express duty of the President?\u00a0 The Constitutional oath that Trump took requires him to \u201cpreserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.\u201d\u00a0 Part of that Constitution involves the ability of the Legislative Branch to conduct its business; and a more explicit part is the Twelfth Amendment\u2019s command that Congress count the vote for President and Vice-President.<\/p>\n

The crimes detailed above \u2013 solicitation and riot \u2013 require proof of a specific intent that the act or harm occur. That mindset may be difficult to prove, but are there grounds to investigate criminal culpability? Absolutely. And it bears noting that Washington D.C. has its own criminal code provision for those who intentionally or recklessly \u201cincite or provoke violence where there is a likelihood that such violence will ensue.\u201d<\/p>\n

At the end, would proving such a case be easy, especially given the arguable ambiguity of Trump\u2019s tweets? Potentially. And it is unethical to bring charges unless the prosecutor reasonably believes that \u201cadmissible evidence will be sufficient to support conviction beyond a reasonable doubt.\u201d ABA Criminal Justice Standards, Prosecution Function 3-4.3(a).<\/p>\n

Congress will decide whether Trumps acts and\/or omissions meet the impeachment standard of \u201chigh crimes or misdemeanors,\u201d a phrase that has been convincingly shown to extend beyond codified criminal prohibitions. Should Trump be sued for wrongful death or property loss or damage, he may be subject to liability for reckless conduct. But it is essential that these charges be investigated in a case that resulted in at least five deaths and a rending of the fabric of democracy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

What is Donald Trump\u2019s culpability for the January 6th assault on the Capitol?\u00a0 Morally, it is clear \u2013 Trump is a sentient being, aware of risks and consequences, who acted with disregard for the lives and well-being of others. Causally, the case is strong \u2013 in the terms of proximate cause and foreseeability, he spent months agitating and stirring discontent, he knew the volatility of his audience, and the actions of his followers were \u201cnot so extraordinary that it would be unfair to hold the defendant responsible for the actual result.\u201d 1 W. LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law \u00a7 6.4, at 464 (2d ed. 2003). And in the eyes of history, culpability is beyond question \u2013 the \u201cbuck stops here\u201d principle is the metric. But is he criminally responsible? Are there acts worth investigating, are there provable criminal acts attributable to the President? The President\u2019s speech at the pre-insurrection rally may not, on its face, be sufficient to prove solicitation to commit a crime \u2013 here, riot, assault, theft, or damage to property. The language that …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":4718,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"audience":[],"coauthors":[40],"class_list":["post-4716","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-faculty-commentary"],"yoast_head":"\r\nSoliciting or Encouraging Sedition - Voices at Temple<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/soliciting-or-encouraging-sedition\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Soliciting or Encouraging Sedition - Voices at Temple\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What is Donald Trump\u2019s culpability for the January 6th assault on the Capitol?\u00a0 Morally, it is clear \u2013 Trump is a sentient being, aware of risks and consequences, who acted with disregard for the lives and well-being of others. Causally, the case is strong \u2013 in the terms of proximate cause and foreseeability, he spent months agitating and stirring discontent, he knew the volatility of his audience, and the actions of his followers were \u201cnot so extraordinary that it would be unfair to hold the defendant responsible for the actual result.\u201d 1 W. LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law \u00a7 6.4, at 464 (2d ed. 2003). And in the eyes of history, culpability is beyond question \u2013 the \u201cbuck stops here\u201d principle is the metric. But is he criminally responsible? Are there acts worth investigating, are there provable criminal acts attributable to the President? The President\u2019s speech at the pre-insurrection rally may not, on its face, be sufficient to prove solicitation to commit a crime \u2013 here, riot, assault, theft, or damage to property. 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