{"id":29,"date":"2015-06-09T11:34:20","date_gmt":"2015-06-09T15:34:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/?p=29"},"modified":"2016-07-28T11:23:41","modified_gmt":"2016-07-28T15:23:41","slug":"spies-will-be-spies-we-need-an-international-law-of-cyberspace","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/spies-will-be-spies-we-need-an-international-law-of-cyberspace\/","title":{"rendered":"Spies will be spies: We need an international law of cyberspace"},"content":{"rendered":"

The ALL CAPS headline<\/a> of the last few hours involves news that social security and other identifying information for some 4 million U.S. federal workers was compromised in a cyber exploitation that, if one believes the unofficial finger pointing, came\u00a0at the behest of the Chinese government. \u00a0Of course, it was just yesterday, that the Council on Foreign Relations\u2019\u00a0Adam Segal was reporting\u00a0how China was crying foul over \u201cOceanLotus\u201d<\/a> a cyber exploitation that counted various Chinese governmental agencies and research institutes among its victims (and where the fingers were pointed back at the United States). And that\u2019s to say nothing of the Snowden disclosures or the tens of millions of people whose personal data has been compromised via data breaches of an ever-expanding list of private companies (e.g., in February 2015 the U.S. health insurer\u00a0Anthem<\/a>\u00a0admitted that\u00a0up to 80 million people in its databases had their personal data compromised). \u00a0Now, maybe such\u00a0data breach stories are hyperbolic, offering big numbers of potential losses that do not necessarily mean actual data compromises, let alone consequences for the associated individuals. \u00a0Nonetheless, the current zeitgeist seems to be the normalization of cyber insecurity.<\/p>\n

As someone who believes international law has an (imperfect) role to play in preserving international peace and stability, I find the current scenario increasingly worrisome. \u00a0The level and breadth of cyber exploitations suggests a world in which actors are engaged in a race to the bottom of every data well they think might be useful for their own purposes, on the theory that their adversaries (and their allies) are all doing the same. \u00a0In such a world, law seems to be playing a diminishing role.<\/p>\n

To\u00a0be clear, domestic law certainly may constrain (or facilitate) a State\u2019s cyber operations, as all the anxiety associated with the expiration of the PATRIOT Act\u00a0and this week\u2019s\u00a0passage of the USA FREEDOM Act<\/a>\u00a0suggest. For those of us who care about international law, however, it\u00a0seems increasingly marginalized in the current environment. \u00a0We\u2019ve spent much of the last several years, focused on how\u00a0<\/em>international law applies to cyber-operations with huge efforts devoted to questions of line-drawing in what constitutes a prohibited use of force in cyberspace under the\u00a0jus ad bellum\u00a0<\/em>or where the lines are for an attack under the\u00a0jus in bello. <\/em>\u00a0The Tallinn Manual<\/a> is the paradigmatic example of this (often quite good) work. \u00a0More recently, States and scholars have moved on\u00a0to cyber operations below these lines, with attention shifting in Tallinn and elsewhere<\/a> to which cyber operations may generate counter-measures and defining when cyber operations violate the duty of non-intervention.<\/p>\n

Such efforts have (so far) had relatively little to say on the question of a cyber exploitation that is best\u00a0characterized as espionage. \u00a0With the exception of U.S. efforts to decry \u201ceconomic\u201d cyber espionage <\/a>(as opposed to national security cyber espionage), most international lawyers have shrugged their shoulders on the legality of governments (or their proxies) stealing data from other governments or their nationals. \u00a0The conventional\u00a0wisdom suggests intelligence agencies will be intelligence agencies and we should let this play out via diplomacy or power politics. \u00a0To the extent international law has long failed to prohibit espionage, the thinking goes, by analogy it should also leave cyber espionage alone. \u00a0And if that\u2019s true, international law has little to say about China\u00a0taking whatever data it can on employees of the U.S. federal government.<\/p>\n

Of course, conventional wisdom is often conventional for good reasons. \u00a0From a national security perspective, there are important interests that militate against regulating or constraining data collection from abroad. \u00a0Yet, I worry that we\u2019re reaching a tipping point where in conceding international law can do little to nothing for the problem of\u00a0cyber exploitations, we are effectively conceding the rule of law in cyberspace. \u00a0It\u2019s understandable that, from a rational perspective, States will want to do as much of this activity as their technical capacity allows. \u00a0But, such self-centered policies have generated\u00a0a dramatic collective action problem. \u00a0The current cyber system is certainly sub-optimal, whether you consider it\u00a0in economic, humanitarian, or national security terms. The economic costs of the status quo are by all accounts growing, whether in terms of losses of data and IP, or the costs of cleaning up after exploits occur. \u00a0Similarly, the ability of individuals to preserve their privacy is rapidly diminishing, and the right to privacy along with it. \u00a0And, of course, national governments are fighting, and losing, the battle to keep their own data (and secrets) secure.<\/p>\n

“To the extent international law has long failed to prohibit espionage, the thinking goes, by analogy it should also leave cyber espionage alone.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

All of this\u00a0leads me to ask whether it\u2019s time to revisit the question of how international law deals with data breaches? \u00a0I recognize some may say \u201cno\u201d or that after long and careful thought the answer may remain the same. \u00a0But, the rising importance and success rates of data breaches across the globe suggests it\u2019s high time for international law to at least engage these questions more closely.<\/p>\n

What do others think? \u00a0Is international law losing in cyberspace or is there still a chance that it can play a regulatory role over modern cyberthreats, even if only an imperfect one?<\/p>\n

This post originally appeared on OpinioJuris<\/a>.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

To be clear, domestic law certainly may constrain (or facilitate) a State\u2019s cyber operations, as all the anxiety associated with the expiration of the PATRIOT Act and this week\u2019s passage of the USA FREEDOM Act suggest. For those of us who care about international law, however, it seems increasingly marginalized in the current environment.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":33,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"audience":[],"coauthors":[48],"class_list":["post-29","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-faculty-commentary"],"yoast_head":"\r\nSpies will be spies: We need an international law of cyberspace - Voices at Temple<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Domestic law may constrain a State\u2019s cyber operations...for those of us who care about international law, however, it seems increasingly marginalized.\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/spies-will-be-spies-we-need-an-international-law-of-cyberspace\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Spies will be spies: We need an international law of cyberspace - Voices at Temple\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Domestic law may constrain a State\u2019s cyber operations...for those of us who care about international law, however, it seems increasingly marginalized.\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/spies-will-be-spies-we-need-an-international-law-of-cyberspace\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Voices at Temple\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2015-06-09T15:34:20+00:00\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2016-07-28T15:23:41+00:00\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/Hollis_Cyberlaw_June20151.png\" \/>\r\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"840\" \/>\r\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"560\" \/>\r\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Duncan B. 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