{"id":1253,"date":"2016-04-25T08:00:07","date_gmt":"2016-04-25T12:00:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/?p=1253"},"modified":"2016-07-28T12:35:36","modified_gmt":"2016-07-28T16:35:36","slug":"gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cGruesome\u201d Evidence, Science, and Rule 403"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Can science step in and assist in Rule 403 determinations of \u201cunfair prejudice\u201d? When confronted with \u201cgruesome\u201d evidence, all too often autopsy photos or images of severe injuries, judges must assess whether there is a risk of unfair prejudice or misleading the jury and then, if the risk is present, \u201cmay\u201d exclude the proof.<span id=\"more-5119\"><\/span><sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.judges.org\/gruesome-evidence-science-and-rule-403\/#footnotes\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Yet there is no court-dictated workable metric for assessing when either risk is present beyond boilerplate terminology such as whether the \u201c[e]vidence\u2026 makes a conviction more likely because it provokes an emotional response in the jury or otherwise tends to affect adversely the jury\u2019s attitude toward the defendant wholly apart from its judgment as to his guilt or innocence of the crime charged.\u201d<sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.judges.org\/gruesome-evidence-science-and-rule-403\/#footnotes\">2<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The standard is akin to that used to describe when material is obscene \u2014 an \u201cI know it when I see it\u201d approach to decision-making.<sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.judges.org\/gruesome-evidence-science-and-rule-403\/#footnotes\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>This approach begets arbitrariness.\u00a0That this is so may be seen by contrasting claims of unfair prejudice in criminal and civil cases.\u00a0The default in criminal seems to be that of admissibility, demonstrated in the extreme in the 2015 Aurora, Colorado movie theater shooting trial. There, 226 prosecution witnesses were called over 34 days where the only disputed issue was sanity<sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.judges.org\/gruesome-evidence-science-and-rule-403\/#footnotes\">4<\/a><\/sup>, and testimony included a detective describing the interior of Theater 9 as \u201cthe kind of thing that nightmares are made of\u201d and an EMT testifying that \u201che prayed over his friend, Jessica Ghawi [one of the 12 people killed during the shooting].\u201d<sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.judges.org\/gruesome-evidence-science-and-rule-403\/#footnotes\">5<\/a><\/sup> The more common occurrence is the prosecution\u2019s presentation of multiple autopsy photos such as in <em>Commonwealth v. Woodard<\/em>, where \u201c12 color photographs portrayed various parts of [the 2 year old\u2019s] body\u2026 [and a] single black and white photo depicted the internal injury of [the child\u2019s] lacerated liver\u2026\u201d<sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.judges.org\/gruesome-evidence-science-and-rule-403\/#footnotes\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>By contrast, in civil cases the plaintiff herself\/himself may be excluded where that person\u2019s physical condition has the potential to arouse the emotions of jurors.\u00a0\u201c[A] court may exclude the plaintiff or limit [her] presence without denying due process\u2026 if her mere presence\u2026 would render the jury unable to arrive at an unbiased judgment concerning liability\u2026. This is so because, in that situation, the court must balance the plaintiff\u2019s due process rights with the defendant\u2019s right to an unbiased jury trial.\u201d<sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.judges.org\/gruesome-evidence-science-and-rule-403\/#footnotes\">7<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0This disparate treatment of cases involving money damages and cases involving liberty or even the loss of life confirms the absence of a uniform, other-than-gut-instinct, metric.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to arbitrariness, a second problem is the judicial assumption that exposure to gruesome images <em>in a courtroom in the context of trial<\/em> will not be upsetting because jurors see such images elsewhere.\u00a0\u201c[T]oday\u2019s society [<em>sic<\/em>] jurors are routinely exposed to similar materials that are equally if not more gruesome than the photographs admitted here.\u201d<sup><a href=\"http:\/\/www.judges.org\/gruesome-evidence-science-and-rule-403\/#footnotes\">8<\/a><\/sup> Statements such as this presume that what <em>some<\/em>jurors see is actually watched by all and that all are inured to the emotional impact exposure brings.\u00a0Neither conclusion has hard data to support it.<\/p>\n<p>Is there a methodology to reduce arbitrariness and avoid evidence that \u201cprovokes an emotional response in the jury or otherwise tends to affect adversely the jury\u2019s attitude toward the defendant wholly apart from its judgment\u2026?\u201d\u00a0The suggestion here is to be cognizant of the science on how judgment is affected (if not impaired) by gruesome evidence, and then use that science in a more rigorous application of Rule 403 balancing.<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.judges.org\/gruesome-evidence-science-and-rule-403\/\" target=\"_blank\">Read the full article via the National Judicial College.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>This article was co-written with\u00a0<em>Suzanne Mannes, Assistant Professor of Psychology at Widener University, Chester, Pennsylvania.<\/em><\/em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Can science step in and assist in Rule 403 determinations of \u201cunfair prejudice\u201d? When confronted with \u201cgruesome\u201d evidence, all too often autopsy photos or images of severe injuries, judges must assess whether there is a risk of unfair prejudice or misleading the jury and then, if the risk is present, \u201cmay\u201d exclude the proof.1 Yet there is no court-dictated workable metric for assessing when either risk is present beyond boilerplate terminology such as whether the \u201c[e]vidence\u2026 makes a conviction more likely because it provokes an emotional response in the jury or otherwise tends to affect adversely the jury\u2019s attitude toward the defendant wholly apart from its judgment as to his guilt or innocence of the crime charged.\u201d2\u00a0The standard is akin to that used to describe when material is obscene \u2014 an \u201cI know it when I see it\u201d approach to decision-making.3 This approach begets arbitrariness.\u00a0That this is so may be seen by contrasting claims of unfair prejudice in criminal and civil cases.\u00a0The default in criminal seems to be that of admissibility, demonstrated in the extreme &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":863,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[57,402,339],"audience":[],"coauthors":[40],"class_list":["post-1253","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-faculty-scholarship","tag-evidence","tag-gruesome-evidence","tag-rules-of-evidence"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\r\n<title>\u201cGruesome\u201d Evidence, Science, and Rule 403 - Voices at Temple<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u201cGruesome\u201d Evidence, Science, and Rule 403 - Voices at Temple\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Can science step in and assist in Rule 403 determinations of \u201cunfair prejudice\u201d? When confronted with \u201cgruesome\u201d evidence, all too often autopsy photos or images of severe injuries, judges must assess whether there is a risk of unfair prejudice or misleading the jury and then, if the risk is present, \u201cmay\u201d exclude the proof.1 Yet there is no court-dictated workable metric for assessing when either risk is present beyond boilerplate terminology such as whether the \u201c[e]vidence\u2026 makes a conviction more likely because it provokes an emotional response in the jury or otherwise tends to affect adversely the jury\u2019s attitude toward the defendant wholly apart from its judgment as to his guilt or innocence of the crime charged.\u201d2\u00a0The standard is akin to that used to describe when material is obscene \u2014 an \u201cI know it when I see it\u201d approach to decision-making.3 This approach begets arbitrariness.\u00a0That this is so may be seen by contrasting claims of unfair prejudice in criminal and civil cases.\u00a0The default in criminal seems to be that of admissibility, demonstrated in the extreme &hellip;\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Voices at Temple\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-04-25T12:00:07+00:00\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2016-07-28T16:35:36+00:00\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/Warning-Graphic-Content.png\" \/>\r\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"840\" \/>\r\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"560\" \/>\r\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jules Epstein\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jules Epstein\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www2.law.temple.edu\\\/voices\\\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www2.law.temple.edu\\\/voices\\\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Beckie Schatschneider\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www2.law.temple.edu\\\/voices\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/505b7875ef49205bf81379b92d47f94e\"},\"headline\":\"\u201cGruesome\u201d Evidence, Science, and Rule 403\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-04-25T12:00:07+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2016-07-28T16:35:36+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www2.law.temple.edu\\\/voices\\\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":590,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www2.law.temple.edu\\\/voices\\\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www2.law.temple.edu\\\/voices\\\/cms\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2015\\\/12\\\/Warning-Graphic-Content.png\",\"keywords\":[\"Evidence\",\"Gruesome Evidence\",\"Rules of Evidence\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Faculty Scholarship\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www2.law.temple.edu\\\/voices\\\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www2.law.temple.edu\\\/voices\\\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www2.law.temple.edu\\\/voices\\\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u201cGruesome\u201d Evidence, Science, and Rule 403 - 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When confronted with \u201cgruesome\u201d evidence, all too often autopsy photos or images of severe injuries, judges must assess whether there is a risk of unfair prejudice or misleading the jury and then, if the risk is present, \u201cmay\u201d exclude the proof.1 Yet there is no court-dictated workable metric for assessing when either risk is present beyond boilerplate terminology such as whether the \u201c[e]vidence\u2026 makes a conviction more likely because it provokes an emotional response in the jury or otherwise tends to affect adversely the jury\u2019s attitude toward the defendant wholly apart from its judgment as to his guilt or innocence of the crime charged.\u201d2\u00a0The standard is akin to that used to describe when material is obscene \u2014 an \u201cI know it when I see it\u201d approach to decision-making.3 This approach begets arbitrariness.\u00a0That this is so may be seen by contrasting claims of unfair prejudice in criminal and civil cases.\u00a0The default in criminal seems to be that of admissibility, demonstrated in the extreme &hellip;","og_url":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\/","og_site_name":"Voices at Temple","article_published_time":"2016-04-25T12:00:07+00:00","article_modified_time":"2016-07-28T16:35:36+00:00","og_image":[{"width":840,"height":560,"url":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/Warning-Graphic-Content.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Jules Epstein","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Jules Epstein","Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\/"},"author":{"name":"Beckie Schatschneider","@id":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/#\/schema\/person\/505b7875ef49205bf81379b92d47f94e"},"headline":"\u201cGruesome\u201d Evidence, Science, and Rule 403","datePublished":"2016-04-25T12:00:07+00:00","dateModified":"2016-07-28T16:35:36+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\/"},"wordCount":590,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/cms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/Warning-Graphic-Content.png","keywords":["Evidence","Gruesome Evidence","Rules of Evidence"],"articleSection":["Faculty Scholarship"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\/","url":"https:\/\/www2.law.temple.edu\/voices\/gruesome-evidence-science-rule-403\/","name":"\u201cGruesome\u201d Evidence, Science, and Rule 403 - 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